Sorbitol is one of valuable platform molecules in the cellulose hydro-conversion. The solid acid titanium phosphate, TiOPO₄ and bifunctional catalyst titanium phosphate support Ru, Ru/TiOPO₄ were prepared. At first, aiming at yielding high glucose, we systematically investigated the influence of reaction time, hydrogen pressure and temperature in cellulose hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by titanium phosphate. Basing on the optimization result of cellulose hydrolysis reaction, we studied the hydrogenation reaction of cellulose conversion to sorbitol catalyzed by titanium phosphate support Ru. Experiments results proved that a better sorbitol yield could be obtained under the reaction condition which the hydrogenation reaction temperature (453 K) is slightly lower than the optimial hydrolysis temperature(463 K) and the hydrogenation time is also a little lower than optimal hydrolysis time. After optimization, the highest sorbitol yield of 77.6% was obtained, with the conversion 99.3%. We can draw a conclusion through various ratio of catalyst and cellulose experiments that the existence of the bifunctional catalyst Ru/TPO can hydrogenate in a great degree, reduce further degradation of glucose and the carbon recovery have significantly be improved, which can get more than 80%.

Lithium orthosilicate based sorbents were prepared by solid-state method and impregnation-precipitation method, with SiO₂ as silicon source which was made from the waste residue of acid processing coal-kaolin. And lithium orthosilicate based sorbents doped with halloysite nanotubes exhibited excellent CO₂ absorption performance at 500-650℃, which were prepared by impregnation-precipitation method. The phase composition, morphologies and surface area were analyzed by XRD, SEM and N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherm,and CO₂ absorption performance was measured with a thermogravimetric analyzer. The results indicated that the absorption performance of Li₄SiO₄ made by impregnation-precipitation method, with small particles, particle size evenly distributed and large surface area, is better than Li₄SiO₄ made by solid method. And the maximum absorption capacity of lithium orthosilicate based sorbent made by impregnation-precipitation method reached 35.74% (704℃), corresponding to 97.33% efficiency. The absorption performance at 500℃ to 650℃ of sorbents can be improved greatly by doping aluminum with halloysite nanotubes. It was found that the sorbent got the best performance at 500℃ to 650℃ when x=1.04%, and the absorption capacity reached 12.78% at 540℃, which was 2.39 times as much as absorbent with non doping.

Nanostructured magnetic materials have drawn much attention due to their unique properties and extensive applications in biomedicine, catalysis, electrochemistry. Owing to the significant effects of different nanostructures on properties, researches have been focused on controllable synthesis of magnetic nanomaterials with novel morphology. In this work, coralloid Fe₃O₄ nanoclusters were successfully synthesized using ferric nitrate as precursor with ionic liquid-assisted solvothermal method. Ethylene glycol served as both solvent and reducing agent, and 1-n-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Dmim]Cl) as the structure-directing agent. In comparison, spherical Fe₃O₄ nanoclusters were synthesized in the absence of ILs. The two kinds of Fe₃O₄ products were further compared by various characterizations such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray power diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results show that the ionic liquid plays an active role in controlling the morphology of Fe₃O₄. Fe₃O₄ nanoclusters synthesized with the ionic liquid have higher specific surface areas and stronger saturation magnetization because of the unique coralloid structure.

The kinetics of diethyl oxalate hydrolysis in presence of ion-exchange resin was studied. The effects of the reaction conditions, such as catalyst loading, initial mole ratio of water to ester and the temperature on the hydrolysis reaction were investigated. It was found that Amberlyst-15 was an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of diethyl oxalate. Moreover, diethyl oxalate hydrolysis involved two reactions in series, with monoethyl oxalate as an intermediate product. In the present work, a concentration-based kinetic model was proposed by considering the catalysis of both oxalic acid and ion-exchange resin based on the characteristics of the resin catalyzed reaction. The kinetic parameters were estimated from experimental data with regression analysis. The mean relative deviation value no more than 6% indicated that the model proposed was able to predict the hydrolysis reaction rates catalyzed by ion-exchange resin.

The effect of solvents with variant polarity was investigated in liquid-phase rearrangement of styrene oxide to phenylacetaldehyde over HZSM-5 zeolite. The experimental results showed that DMF, which possessed the strongest polarity, could be easily adsorbed on the surface of zeolites and resulted in quick deactivation of the catalyst. Other solvents with weaker polarity could improve the reaction rate effectively, while by-products were generated by reacting with phenylacetaldehyde. The weakest polar or nonpolar solvents were more stable, owing to the suppression of carbon deposits. Among all the solvents, 1,2-dichloroethane was proven to be the most suitable one for the reaction.

Under mild reactive conditions, the esterification reaction of high-acid fish oil was catalyzed by Amberlyst15 to reduce the acid value, and then methyl esters of fatty acid was produced by CaO-catalyzed transesterification reaction. The optimum process conditions were obtained by orthogonal experiments. For esterification, the amount of catalyst was 15%, the reaction temperature was 75℃, the mole ratio of methanol to oil was 14, and the reaction time was 1.5 h. Acid value was dropped to 3.35 mg/g. After the second pre-esterification, acid value could be reduced to 1.24 mg/g. For transesterification, the amount of catalyst was 10%, the reaction temperature was 65℃, the mole ratio of methanol to oil was 6, and the reaction time was 3 h. The yield of fatty acid methyl esters was 93.7% under the optimum conditions.

Benzophenone, phenyl benzoate and benzyl phenyl ether were chosen as solvents of the three-component reversible thermochromic compounds respectively. Phenyl benzoate compound has shown the best performance due to its highest color-changing sensitivity and good contrast. The interaction between solvent and developer were investigated to find its effect on the performance of reversible thermochromic compound. Stable reversible thermochromic material with high color-changing sensitivity and strong contrast has been eventually prepared through microencapsulation.

The sodium sulfide-telluride was used as the anionic precursor synthesized by using S, Te and sodium sulfide, and cadmium nitrate was used as the cationic precursor. The successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) was utilized to assemble cadmium sulfide-telluride onto the mesoporous TiO₂ films for quantum dots-sensitized solar cell (QDSC) applications. The Raman spectra and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) were applied to investigate the bond structure and elements of sodium sulfide-telluride. The absorption capacity of the as-prepared CdTeS₃ quantum dots was assessed by UV-Vis spectrum. The photovoltic property of CdTeS₃ was characterized by J-V and IPCE curve. These results show that the long lifetime of electron and high availability ratio of light of CdTeS₃ QDSC are found to be the major advantages over the CdS QDSC. Those factors are leading to that the maximum conversion efficiency of CdTeS₃ QDSC is about 25% more than that of CdS QDSC.

The microporous layers (MPLs) in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) impact its performance markedly. For the first time, a double-layered microporous layer consisting multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carbon black is proposed and fabricated to obtain a better gas diffusion layer (GDL) in PEMFC. The first MWCNTs layer is coated on a carbon paper, followed by coating the second carbon black layer on top of the first MWCNTs layer. The surface morphology was observed under different magnification. The through-plane resistance of the GDL and fuel cell performance were measured. The smoothness of the double-layered MPL appeared to be better than that of the MWCNTs MPL and to be similar to that of the carbon black MPL. The GDL with the double-layered MPL had a lower through-plane resistance than that with either one-layered MPL. The PEMFC with the double-layered MPLs showed a better performance than that with single-layered MPLs under the same carbon material loading.

Based on carbon felt, C-Ni electrode was electrodeposited with Watt nickel plating process; then the Ni-Mo alloy electrode was obtained based on C-Ni electrode that has been prepared in ionic liquids system. Its surface morphology and structure were performed with scanning electric microscope and X-ray diffractometer, respectively; and its property of electrochemical catalyzed hydrogen evolution has been studied by means of cathodic polarization curves and A.C. impedance technique. Experimental results suggest that the prepared C-Ni/Ni-Mo alloy contains about 5.12% Mo and has a nanocrystalline structure with average crystallites sizes of 2.2 nm; and polarization curves indicate that the catalytic hydrogen evolution potential of Ni-Mo/C-Ni alloy electrode deposited in ionic liquid has a positively shift of about 108 mV compared with C-Ni electrode and about 557 mV compared with C felt electrode and about 50 mV compared with Ni-Mo based on Cu substrate in aqueous solution under the current density of 0.1 A·cm²; the potential fluctuation of Ni-Mo/C-Ni alloy electrode is slight during a prolonged electrolysis, and the potential is able to recover rapidly after short current interruption. So Ni-Mo/C-Ni alloy electrode shows a good electrochemical stability.

LiFePO₄ cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries were synthesized by the liquid-state method using FeSO₄·7H₂O, NH₄H₂PO₄, H₂O₂, CH₃COOLi and so on. The aqueous can be directly used in the synthesis of FePO₄·xH₂O without any treatment and the ethanol should be distilled before the synthesis of LiFePO₄. The structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of the materials were analyzed by XRD, SEM and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests. The results showed that the high purity of FePO₄·xH₂O can be achieved and even prepared with the aqueous which was used for five times. LiFePO₄ cathode material prepared with the distilled ethanol exhibited the best initial discharge capacity of 156.3 mAh·g^-1 and the capacity retention ratio 99.49% after 30 cycles at 0.1 C rate.

Numerical model for predicting performance of plain fin was established, which incorporated characteristics of fluid flow and heat transfer. In order to precisely calculate factors f and j in turbulent region, low-Re turbulence model was adopted and the default turbulent Prandtl number value of 0.85 was replaced by turbulent Prandtl model with UDF (user-defined function) method. Numerical results of factors j and f were compared with experimental work. The average absolute relative deviations of factors j and f between numerical and experimental results are 6.72% and 6.47% respectively. The temperature at center of fin was lowest and was called T_c for convenience. The temperature difference between T_c and T_in (temperature of fluid before entering fin passage) was about 5%-18% lower than the temperature difference between up (down) plate and T_in. In order to increase overall performance of plain fin, intersections of fin and up (down) plate were periodically cut away, and the factor j was 2.76%-12.44% higher than the original one.

Although the dividing wall column (DWC) has shown considerable advantage in energy saving, the industrial applications of DWC has been restricted by the uncontrollability of the vapor split ratio, which is an important parameter. In order to overcome such a difficulty, Agrawal et al proposed the improved configurations of DWC, in which extra column sections and condenser/reboiler were introduced so that the problem regarding the uncontrollability of the vapor split ratio in DWC was eliminated. However, Agrawal et al have analyzed the equivalency of the improved configurations with the original DWC based on short-cut method. In the present study, the improved configurations are simulated rigorously with Aspen Plus software with different mixture systems and the results demonstrate the equivalency of the improved configurations with the original DWC by comparing their performances. Moreover, the diameters of the various column sections of the improved configurations are estimated and their feasibilities for practical design are discussed.

In this paper, the phase distribution of gas liquid co-current flow was predicted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLUENT in structured packing column. The pressure drop and holdup were fitted, and also were verified by experiments. In this paper, the physical model was founded based on packing Mellapak350Y. The RNG k-ε turbulent model was adopted to close the momentum equation. In the calculation, the source term of surface tension and inter phase action were inducted. The simulated results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The comparison show that the method proposed in this paper is successful to solve the gas liquid co-current flow in structured packing column.

An experiment was carried out to study direct contact evaporative heat transfer performance with n-pentane and water in spray column with packing. Downstream operation was applied. The effects of pentane flow rate, temperature difference and distributor aperture on volumetric heat transfer coefficient and evaporative height were investigated. The results show that volumetric heat transfer coefficient in spray column with packing is twice as much as that without packing when pentane flow rate of 23.868 L/h and distributor aperture of 2.5 mm. Besides, evaporative height with packing increases with an increase of pentane flow rate and aperture distributor, a decrease of temperature difference. Volumetric heat transfer coefficient with packing increases with pentane flow rate increasing, distributor aperture reducing and has an exponential relation with temperature difference.

Hollow fiber heat exchangers (HFHEs) have gained more attention because of their great resistances to chemical corrosion and fouling for lower temperature applications. In this study, a new structure of HFHE by adding segmental baffles in the shell-side was proposed to strengthen the heat transfer efficiency. Three-dimensional models of HFHEs were built by Gambit 2.4. The models were calculated with the help of Fluent 6.3 by finite volume method. Results show that the deviation of overall heat transfer coefficient(U) and pressure drop of shell-side between simulated and experimental results is less than 8% and 6%, respectively. After adding segmental baffles in HFHE shell-side, the overall heat transfer coefficient is improved by 21% on the condition of simulation, the ratio of shell-side resistance to overall resistance is decreased approximately from 59%-70% to 46%-57%, the pressure drop of shell-side is improved by 12%, but the ratio of shell-side heat transfer coefficient to pressure drop is also greatly increased. HFHE with baffles has better integrated performance than PHFHE without baffles.