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Current Issue
2013 Vol.30 Issue.4,
Published 2013-07-15
Article
Article
1
Pyrolysis of Biomass in Molten KOH-NaOH to Hydrogen Rich Gas
WU Ye-Ru, JIANG Hong-Tao, SHEN Qi, JI Jian-Bing
Pyrolysis of rice straw in molten alkali to produce hydrogen rich gas has been studied in a self designed reactor. The effects of molten NaOH, molten KOH and molten KOH-NaOH with different K/Na ratio, on products distribution, gas product yield and H
2
content in gas have been investigated. The results show that molten KOH is more favorable than molten NaOH to increase H
2
content in gas product. 87.4% H
2
content in gas product and H
2
yield of 0.7 L/gbiomass have been reached for pyrolysis of rice straw in molten KOH under atmospheric pressure, 450 ℃ and 100 L/h of N2 flow rate.
2013 Vol. 30 (4): 1-5 [
Abstract
] (
2340
) [
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1237KB] (
1880
)
6
Catalytic Degradation of 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene by Nano-Co
3
O
4
SUN Yang-Zhao, TONG La-Ga, WU Tian-Yu, CHAO Jian-Ping, DING Hong, XIA Bo
In this article, catalytic degradation of chlorinated organic compounds by nano-Co
3
O
4
was studied by gas chromatography and GC-MS using 1,2,4trichlorobenzene as the model compound. The results showed: nano-Co
3
O
4
showed high activity for catalytic degradation of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, when 200 mg of nano-Co
3
O
4
reacted with 1.5 μL 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at 300 ℃ for 60 min, the degradation efficiency was nearly 100%. Hydrodechlorination may occur dominantly, and during the hydrodechlorination process, the main path was successive dechlorination of 1,2,4-TrCB to form p-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) and then p-DCB to form monochlorobenzene.
2013 Vol. 30 (4): 6-11 [
Abstract
] (
2471
) [
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1419KB] (
1718
)
12
Effects of sodium sulfate and sodium chloride on Ca2+、Mg2+ removal from Glauber type brine by sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate
DONG Ze-Liang, ZHANG Qi, WANG Li-Cong, CAI Rong-Hua, MA Lai-Bo, HUANG Xi-Ping
Ca2+、Mg2+ removal from Glauber type brine by sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate has been studied．The effects of sodium sulfate and sodium chloride on removal efficiency of Ca2+, Mg2+ at room temperature were investigated in detail when addition amount of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate was theoretical value，reaction time was 30 min，aging time was 60 min．The experimental results show that the presence of sodium sulfate has large effect on removal efficiency of Ca2+．The removal rate of Ca2+ is more than 90% when the concentration of sodium sulfate is below 30 g/L．The presence of sodium sulfate has good but little effect on removal efficiency of Mg2+．The presence of sodium chloride has small effect on removal efficiency of Ca2+ and Mg2+．When the concentration of sodium chloride increases，the removal rate of Ca2+ increases significantly，but the removal rate of Mg2+ declines slightly．
2013 Vol. 30 (4): 12-15 [
Abstract
] (
2306
) [
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1KB] [
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1142KB] (
1867
)
16
Performance of Cu-Zn-Al Catalyst for Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1,2-Propanediol
LI Li, YANG Juan, YU Lei, CHEN Ji-Xiang
Cu-Zn-Al and Cu-Zn-Al-no hydrotalcite precursors, which were respectively aged and un-aged during the preparation process, were prepared by coprecipitation. After the hydrotalcite precursors were calcined and reduced, Cu-based catalysts were obtained. The effect of ageing on the structure and performance of the catalysts for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol was studied by means of H
2
-TPR, XRD, H
2
-TPD, NH
3
-TPD and CO
2
-TPD and activity test. Also, the effect of the reaction conditions on the performance of Cu-Zn-Al catalyst was investigated. After calcination at 450 ℃, the hydrotalcite-like precursors were transformed to the mixed oxides without hydrotalcitelike structure, in which Cu species dispersed well. Cu-Zn-Al-no and Cu-Zn-Al had similar reducibility. After reduction at 270 ℃, the mixed oxides were converted to Cu-based catalysts. Compared with the Cu-Zn-Al-no, Cu-Zn-Al had larger active surface, more acid sites and less basic sites. Thus, in the hydrogenolysis of glycerol, the Cu-Zn-Al catalyst showed better activity, selectivity and stability than the Cu-Zn-Al-no catalyst. Under the condition of 220 ℃, 3.0 MPa H
2
pressure, H
2
/glycerol molar ratio of 18.9, space velocity of 1.89 h
-1
and 60%(mass fraction) glycerol aqueous solution, the Cu-Zn-Al catalyst gave glycerol conversion of 100% and 1,2-propanediol selectivity of 96%.
2013 Vol. 30 (4): 16-22 [
Abstract
] (
2820
) [
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1KB] [
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1816KB] (
1870
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23
Assembly of Anionic–Nonionic Co-surfactants to Template Pt/K/TiO
2
-Al
2
O
3
Catalysts with Superior NO
x
Storage and Sulfur-Resisting Performance
LI Zhong-Bo, MENG Ming
The mesoporous binary oxide supports TiO
2
-Al
2
O
3
were prepared by combining citric acid complexation-organic template decomposition method, using the mixture of anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and nonionic p-octyl polyethylene glycol phenyl ether (OP) as co-templates, and the corresponding NO
x
storage and reduction (NSR) catalysts Pt/K/TiO
2
-Al
2
O
3
were prepared by using successive impregnation. The results of BET measurement show that the support prepared by using co-templates possesses much larger specific surface area (398 m
2
/g) than those prepared by using single template SDS (373 m
2
/g) or by using conventional co-precipitation method (250 m
2
/g). The results of H
2
-chemisorption, XRD and NH
3
-TPD indicate that in the corresponding sample the metal Pt and the TiO
2
crystallites possess the highest dispersion, and the support has the largest amount of acidity. The results of NO
x
storage capacity measurement show that the catalyst with the support prepared by co-templates exhibits much higher NO
x
storage capacity (62.1% higher than that of the sample prepared by co-precipitation method) and recovery efficiency (as high as 91%) than other samples.
2013 Vol. 30 (4): 23-28 [
Abstract
] (
1653
) [
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1KB] [
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1734KB] (
1878
)
29
Research Progress of Nanobodies in Diagnosis and Therapy of Tumor
LIU Jing, HU Yao-Zhong, HUANG He
Heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs) lacking light chains occur naturally in camels. The variable domain of HCAbs (VHHs)，the smallest functional antigenbinding fragments are referred to nanobodies derived from the fact their molecular sizes are in nano-scale. Nanobodies have many advantages, such as high stability, good solubility, low immunogenicity and easy to express. Based on the introduction of the biological characteristics and generation of the novel nanobodies, this review focused on the significant research progress and problems of nanobodies in diagnosis and therapy of tumor for the past few years. Meanwhile, their widespread applications in the future were prospected.
2013 Vol. 30 (4): 29-35 [
Abstract
] (
2056
) [
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1883KB] (
2972
)
36
Mass Transfer Characteristics of Liquid-Liquid Extraction in Microchannel
LI Wei , ZHANG Yu, MENG Hao, FENG Zi-Yang, ZHANG Jin-Li
Mass transfer characteristics of liquid-liquid two-phase flow were studied in a straight tubular microchannel with a diameter of 400 μm, with deionized water as the water phase, kerosene (the solute is benzoic acid) as the oil phase and nitrogen as the gas phase. The effects of interfacial tension, viscosity and dispersed gas were investigated on the volumetric mass transfer coefficients. The results show that the extraction equilibrium is reached in the microchannel as the residence time is longer than 15 s. Liquid interfacial tension and viscosity significantly influence extraction efficiency and volumetric mass transfer coefficient. The existence of dispersed gas phases can intensify greatly liquid-liquid mass transfer efficiency.
2013 Vol. 30 (4): 36-41 [
Abstract
] (
2173
) [
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1981KB] (
1894
)
42
Evaluating the Influence of Operating Conditions on Silt Density Index
JIE Li-Xin, WANG Xiao-Lei, WANG Shi-Chang
Silt Density Index (SDI), an important evaluative indicator to assess the reverse osmosis (RO) water pretreatment system, can express contaminants in water quantitatively. In this paper, the SDI value was tested to analyze the effect of operating conditions. The results showed that the colloidal iron and organic matters played the key important roles among the different operating conditions. For the water stream containing colloidal iron and organic matters, the SDI value decreased with the decrease of pH of the water stream, and increased dramatically with the increase of pH when pH of the water stream is above 7.
2013 Vol. 30 (4): 42-47 [
Abstract
] (
1513
) [
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1KB] [
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1777KB] (
2181
)
48
Enhanced Heat Transfer and Fouling Performance of the Spirally Fluted Tube in Falling Film Evaporation
XING Yu-Lei, QI Chun-Hua, HAN Xu, FENG Hou-Jun, 吕Qing-Chun , FENG Jian-Min
Falling film evaporation is one main technique of seawater desalination. Heat transfer tube is core component of falling film evaporator. Spirally fluted tube is one of the widely used enhanced heat transfer tubes with high efficiency. However, there are few practical applications of the spirally fluted tube to seawater desalination. In order to evaluate the feasibility of its application to desalination, the enhanced heat transfer performance of the aluminum brass spirally fluted tube was investigated firstly, relying on the horizontal tube falling film evaporation heat transfer platform with the tap water as medium. The effect of sprinkling density, heat flux, temperature difference and evaporating temperature on heat transfer of the tube was analyzed. Then, the fouling performance of the spirally fluted tube was researched by means of a pilot plant of low temperature multiple effect distillation (LT-MED) desalination which was running 180 days in the actual working conditions of desalination projects. The results show that heat transfer efficiency of spirally fluted tube is 35% higher than that of smooth tube, and the fouling on the spirally fluted tube is thinner, more porous and easier to remove than that on the smooth tube.
2013 Vol. 30 (4): 48-54 [
Abstract
] (
2347
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2481KB] (
1660
)
55
Concentrating Aqueous Solution of Sulfuric Acid and Phosphoric Acid by Multiple-Effect Membrane Distillation
LI Xiao-Jun, QIN Ying-Jie, LIU Rong-Ling, CUI Dong-Sheng, LIU Li-Qiang
Multipleeffect membrane distillation (MEMD) was used to concentrate dilute aqueous solution of sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid by using selfmade membrane module containing both micropous hydrophobic hollow fibers and densewall hollow fibers. Effects of heated feedin temperature, feedin flow rate and feedin concentration on the MEMD performance were experimentally investigated. The experimental results demonstrated that permeation flux and performance ratio increased with the increase of heated feedin temperature; permeation flux increased with the increase of feedin flow rate, while performance ratio decreased at the same time; permeation flux and performance ratio decreased with the increase of feedin concentration. Compared with phosphoric acid, the effects of the concentration of sulfuric acid on the performance of MEMD process were more evident. The maximum permeation flux and performance ratio were 5.3 L/(m2·h) and 11.5, respectively. Aqueous solution of sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid of 2 wt% could be concentrated to 40 wt% or above, while the electrical conductivity of the permeate was still less than 200 μS/cm. By using two AGMD modules, a long-term operational stability of the MEMD process was investigated using aqueous solution of 10% sulfuric acid solution as feed. The MEMD process showed excellent operation stability in a longterm test lasting for 30 days.
2013 Vol. 30 (4): 55-62 [
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1563
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2890KB] (
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63
Technology of Microwave-Extracting Rutin from Geranium Herb
ZHAO Hua, LI Hui-Peng, LIAO Ke-Jian
The orthogonal test was designed to find out the optimum experiment conditions of microwave assisted extracting the effective component from Chinese herbal medicine Geranium Herb. The content of rutin was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The optimal conditions were found to be ethanol concentration of 70.0％(V)，solidliquid mass ratio of 1∶20，microwave time of 150 second and microwave power of 385 W. Under the optimal conditions, the extraction rate of rutin reached 98.74%. The qualitative analysis of rutin was carried out by using chemical detection method and infrared spectroscopy.
2013 Vol. 30 (4): 63-67 [
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1675
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1557KB] (
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68
CFD Simulation of Supercritical Pentane Flash Boiling in Asphalt Granulation
NIE Yong-Guang, MAO Yu, WANG Jiang-Yun, WANG Juan
Deep stage separation of heavy oil is a new technique invented in recent years, which can simplify process and reduces equipment cost by coupling the supercritical extraction and spray granulation. In this process, pentane flash-boiling rate is a key factor to quality control of asphalt granulation. According to the mechanism of mass and heat transfer in the process of pressure-driven phase change, an empirical model was developed and implanted into commercial code Fluent for pentane flashboiling simulation. The flash-boiling flow simulation of the mixture pentane and asphalt was carried out. Simulation results show that the structure of nozzle has a vital effect on vaporization rate of pentane. The nozzle with conical section is fit for supercritical spray granulation. Furthermore, in this process, asphalt supplies more energy for the flash-boiling of pentane, which leads to the enhancement of the pentane vaporization rate.
2013 Vol. 30 (4): 68-72 [
Abstract
] (
1871
) [
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1763KB] (
2325
)
73
Discussion of Concentration，Distribution and Detection Methods of Impurities in Polysilicon
LI Wen-Di-1, LIAN Jing-Yan-2, CONG Shan-3
Composition and concentration of impurities in polysilicon are important factors determining the quality of polysilicon production. Due to the complex composition and the trace concentration of impurities which are below the limit of traditional detection methods, it had great significance for the discussion of concentration and distribution of impurities in polysilicon. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of different detection methods used for analysising and detecting the concentration and distribution of impurities were summarized. Progress in research of detection methods and data of concentration as well as distribution were also discussed, which may provide a reference for the detection of polysilicon.
2013 Vol. 30 (4): 73-78 [
Abstract
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1523
) [
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1KB] [
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1795KB] (
2013
)
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