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Current Issue
2010 Vol.27 Issue.2,
Published 2010-03-15
Article
Article
91
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 91-91 [
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2010 Vol. 27 (2): 94-94 [
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Roles of Desalination for Economy Sustainability
WANG Shi-chang
The water resources in China become more stressed due to the continued economy growth and population increase.Water crisis has become the bottleneck for sustainable economy development in some areas in China now.A number of studies have been carried out to meet the gap between supply and demand of water resources.The rapid economic development in China has led to a great progress in desalination in the past 10 years.Desalination developing plans have been made in the related coastal cities/provinces of the Southeast China,which aim to produce about 3 million m~3/d of fresh water in the next 10 years.There is no doubt that the demand for water in China will continue to increase in the foreseeable future. However,status of seawater desalination in China is still at its early stage.A number of important basic technologies and supporting industries have not been well developed yet,and need to be further studied and practiced.
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 95-102 [
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103
Status and Prospect of Chinese Seawater Desalination Technology
FENG Hou-jun,XIE Chun-gang
This paper analyzes the state-of-the-art and status quo of seawater desalination technology in China during recent years,including multi-stage flash,low temperature multi-effect distillation and reverse osmosis,and discusses current problems and gaps by a comparison between China and other countries with advanced seawater desalination technology.Furthermore,combining domestic needs for seawater desalination technology,this paper also presents the future possible direction and goals of Chinese seawater desalination.
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 103-109 [
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109
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 109-109 [
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Progress of Utilization of Chemical Resources in Seawater
YUAN Jun-sheng~
Seawater is the huge reservoir of chemical mineral resources.With the pressure of population,resources and environment,the exploitation of the oceanic resources is paid more attention to.The category and reserves of the chemical mineral in the seawater,the necessity of utilization,and the correlativity of the exploiture of marine chemical resources with the seawater desalination and the marine chemical industry were discussed in the paper.The progress of extracting sodium,potassium,bromine,magnesium and uranium from seawater are reviewed in detail.The new flows for comprehensive utilization of seawater resource were put forward and the results of the economic evaluation show that both have good economic benefits.By analysis of the national policy for the associated industrial development,a conclusion is obtained that the seawater chemical resources utilization is of great prospect.
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 110-116 [
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117
Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Marine Environment
QIU Jin-quan,WANG Jing,ZHANG Hui,ZHANG Yu-shan
The marine pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) is becoming more serious due to the contributions of human activities and natural activities.Based on the introduction of the characteristics,sources,distributions and marine pollution of PAHs,the latest research progress of marine microorganisms which can degrade PAHs was summarized and the biodegradation mechanisms of PAHs were expounded.Moreover,the implementation of bioremediation in marine PAHs pollution control was generalized and the function of mangrove on removing PAHs was also discussed.Finally,the prospect of removing PAHs in the marine environment was predicted.
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 117-121 [
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122
Progress of Extracting Iodine Technology
GAO Shu-bao,ZHANG Yu-shan,ZHANG Hui-feng,YAO Ying,CAI Rong-hua
As an important chemical raw materials,iodine plays a vital role in national economy,and is a scarce resources in the world at present.Iodine resources exist widely in ocean,minerals and oil or gas field brine,and have an enormous reserves.The application of iodine and the present status of its industrial production were briefly introduced.The main methods of extracting iodine in the world were introduced emphatically,for example,blow-out,ion exchange,activated carbon adsorption methods and so on.The characteristic of different methods were also investigated.The distribution of China's iodine resources and technology for extracting iodine were discussed in this paper.At last,the future development direction of iodine extraction in China was prospected.
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 122-127 [
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128
Preparation of Magnesium Borate (Mg_2B_2O_5) Whisker Using Bitter Brine
ZHANG Yi,WANG Li-cong,WANG Yu-qi,ZHANG Yu-shan,HUANG Xi-ping
Magnesium borate(Mg_2B_2O_5) whisker was successfully synthesized via high temperature flux method using bitter brine,boric acid and sodium hydroxide as raw materials.Influences of decoloring of bitter brine,ratio of magnesium to boron,nucleation method on composition and morphology of magnesium borate whisker were investigated.The results showed that the removal rate of chroma increased with the volume of sodium hypochlorite from 0.2 to 1.0 mL when volume of bitter brine was fixed.Mg_2B_2O_5 was gained when the ratios of magnesium to boron were 0.50 and 0.67.Compared with seeded method,spontaneous nucleation method made the whisker short and slim.In practice,it is possible to prepare whisker according to the needed size.
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 128-131 [
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131
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 131-131 [
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132
Synthesis and Adsorption Properties of the Crosslinked Chitosan Resins Supported by SiO_2
GAO Chun-juan,WANG Li-cong,LIU Luo-feng,ZHANG Yu-shan
A series of crosslinked chitosan resins supported by SiO_2 were synthesized with chitosan and SiO_(2).The structures of the crosslinked chitosan resins were analyzed with infrared(IR) spectroscopy,X-ay diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The adsorption capacities of the above resins for Au(Ⅲ) and Ag(Ⅰ) were also studied.The effects of factors such as amounts of crosslinked agents,media pH value and original ion concentration on the adsorption rate of the above resins were investigated emphatically.The results indicate that the resin has good adsorption effect on Au(Ⅲ) and Ag(Ⅰ).For Au(Ⅲ),the maximum adsorption rate can be obtained when pH=4,adsorption time is 90 min.For Ag(Ⅰ),the maximum adsorption rate can be obtained when pH=4—6,adsorption time is 100 min.The original ion concentration has less impact on adsorption rate.
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 132-137 [
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138
Synthesis and Application of Efficient Adsorbent for Lithium Extraction from Seawater and Brines
LIU Luo-feng,ZHANG Yu-shan,HUANG Xi-ping,ZHANG Jia-kai,WANG Yu-qi
Research and development of efficient adsorbents are the key to lithium extraction from seawater and brines with high ratio of magnesium to lithium,and the most promising adsorbents for industrial application now are lithium manganese oxide ion-sieves.In this paper,the influences of synthetic conditions on the structures and adsorption properties of lithium manganese oxide ion-sieves were discussed,and the adsorbents which were verified to have high capacity could be applied to seawater and brines with different ratios of magnesium to lithium and different lithium concentrations.The highest adsorption capacity could achieve 41.02 mg/g,and its solution-loss rate of manganese was 3.06%.Furthermore,dynamic simulation experiments on lithium adsorption were carried out,which laid a foundation for the application research on lithium extraction from seawater and brines with adsorbents synthesized in this paper.
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 138-143 [
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144
Synthesis of Brominated Polystyrene with Bromine Chloride
YAO Ying,ZHANG Yu-shan,CAI Rong-hua,ZHANG Hui-feng,GAO Shu-bao
The optimal parameters of synthesizing brominated polystyrene(BPS) was determined in the presence of antimony chloride as a Lewis acid,bromine chloride and polystyrene as raw materials.The effects of the amount of catalyst and reaction temperature in the synthesizing process on the bromine content of product have been studied.Product qualities including bromine content and whiteness(W_b) have been examined.The results show that when the amount of catalyst is 3%—15% and the reaction temperature is 10—(30 ℃),the bromine content could be above 65%,whiteness(W_b) could be above 70.Ideal thermo stability and infrared spectrum were measured.The results of thermogravimetric and FTIR analysis show that the products have ideal thermo-stability and high quality.In addition,the optimal synthesizing parameters mentioned above were verified in a way of continuous and stable operation for kilo-scale process of synthesizing BPS.
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 144-148 [
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149
Treatment of Contaminants in Seawater by Electrocoagulation
WANG Shu-xun,ZHANG Yu-shan,WANG Jing,ZHAO Jin,JIANG Tian-xiang
Turbidity and COD removal efficiency were studied during the process of electrocoagulation treatment of polluted seawater with iron and aluminum electrodes.Results showed that electrocoagulation treatment had effect on the removal of seawater turbidity.The maximum removal rate was above 85% and the treatment effect with aluminum electrode was better than that with iron electrode.The COD removal efficiency was studied during electrocoagulation treatment of seawater.The residual COD concentration and current density showed second order reaction and the corresponding kinetic equation was fitted.
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 149-152 [
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153
Enhancing Clarification Efficiency in Seawater Purification Pretreatment Process
WANG Jing,WANG Shu-xun,SUN Hong-liang,ZHAO Jin,JIANG Tian-xiang,ZHANG Yu-shan
Based on the contact flocculation theory,an enhancing clarification technology was proposed by integrating mechanical agitation,inclined tube settler and sludge circulation.Scale tests were carried out when the flow rate at the inlet was 300 L/h,the effects of technological parameters such as G values of rapid and slow mixing,and sludge reflux ratio were studied.Turbidity removal efficiencies of inorganic coagulants were compared with inorganic coagulants combined with organic polymer flocculants.The results show that when G values are 600 s~(-1) in rapid mixing zone and 60 s~(-1) in slow mixing zone, sludge reflux ratio is 2%,FeCl_3 accompanied with PAMC could decrease the water turbidity to(1.2±0.5) NTU.The high efficiency of seawater pretreatment was obtained under these conditions.
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 153-156 [
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157
Removal of Humic Acid in Seawater by Enhanced Coagulation with Micro-size Materials and Inorganic Flocculants
GUO Hong-bo,ZHANG Yu-shan,WANG Jing,ZHANG Xiu-zhi,JIANG Tian-xiang
This study was about to remove humic acid from seawater by enhanced coagulation with micro-size materials SiO_2,FeCl_3 and PAC.The results showed that the removal rates of turbidity and humic acid by mixed FeCl_3 and PAC were more efficient than they were used respectively.With the optimum ratio m(Fe)/m(Al_2O_3)=2 and micro-size materials,the removal rates of turbidity and humic acid were increased to 94% and 95%,respectively.The sedimentation time was shortened and the floccule could be separated from the water more completely.The mixed flocculant is applicable in a wide range of water temperature and pH value.
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 157-162 [
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Mineralization Processes of Desalinated Water by Limestone Dissolution
ZUO Shi-wei~
As a post-treatment process,desalinated water was rematerialized by sulfuric acid dissolution limestone.Influence of factors such as pH,limestone size and loading height,flowrate of desalinated water and reaction temperature on mineralization were studied.It is found that the change of pH affect the mineralization most obviously.In a certain range of packing height,the effect of mineralization decreased distinctly with increasing pH value,increased with the rising of packing height,decreased as the flowrate of desalinated water increased,and improved with increasing temperature.When pH=2.00,the calcium concentration is more than 300 mg/L after mineralization.
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 163-166 [
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167
Experimental Study on Flue Gas Desulfurization of Seawater and Brine
WU Guo-you~
The desulfurization efficiency of seawater and desalinating byproduct brine were studied by using a spray empty absorption tower.The effects of SO_2 concentration,liquid-gas ratio,temperature,flow rate and other factors on the seawater flue gas desulphurization efficiency were discussed.The desulfurization efficiencies of seawater,distillable desalination brine and reverse osmosis desalination brine were compared.The changes in temperature, pH value,SO~(2-)_3 concentration and SO~(2-)_4 concentration of tower-bottom absorption liquid were investigated.Experimental results show that SO_2 concentration,liquid-gas ratio affect seawater flue gas desulfurization significantly,while the gas temperature, gas flow rate exert relatively small influence on desulfurization.When the liquid-gas ratio is 9.6 L/m~3,gas residence time is 3.08 s,SO_2 concentration is lower than(1 000)×10~(-6),the desulfurization rates of seawater,distillation and reverse osmosis brine are more than 95%.
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 167-172 [
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2004
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2010 Vol. 27 (2): 172-172 [
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173
Effect of Heavy Metal Ions on the Corrosion of Aluminum Alloy 5052
YUN Feng-ling,XU Ke
Effect of trace heavy metal ions,e.g.,Cu~(2+) and Fe~(3+),on the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloy 5052 immersed in(70 ℃) deaerated artificial seawater were investigated in terms of similar corrosion occurring in low-temperature multi-effect distillator.The polarization curves showed that,trace heavy metal ions(10~(-9) level) in the solution could result in the corrosion potential shifted positively,due to the deposition of heavy metal ions on the surface of aluminum alloy.But the pitting potential did not change with the content variation of heavy metal ions.This indicated that the heavy metal deposition could not influence the surface natural oxide film of aluminum alloy at the initial corrosion stage.The corrosion weight loss results showed that as the destruction of oxide film by chloride ions,the galvanic coupling of deposition metal and aluminum substrate will accelerate the subsequent corrosion process.
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 173-176 [
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177
Preparation of Aromatic-Selective Composite Membranes and their Pervaporation Performances
LI Zhan-sheng,GUO Chun-gang,ZHANG Ben,LI Yang,WANG Yu-rong
The composite membranes were prepared by the UV induced graft-filling polymerization method for the pervaporation separation of aromatic/aliphatic mixtures.The asymmetric poly(acrylonitrile)(PAN) ultrafiltration membranes were used as the substrate,which were grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate(MePEO300MA).The impact of preparation parameters(monomer concentration and UV irradiation time) was analyzed using PV separation of toluene/heptane mixtures.High selectivities(α_(toluene/heptane)=5.6) and high permeate fluxes(J=2.47 kg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)) were achieved.The aromatic concentration of naphtha decreased with increasing stage cut.At the stage cut of 20%,an approximate 45% reduction of aromatics in the naphtha was obtained,i.e.,from 7.52% to 4.11%,which showed the feasibility of the ethylene feed upgrading by PV aromatic removal from naphtha.
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 177-182 [
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182
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 182-182 [
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183
Experimental Study on Cross-flow Vacuum Membrane Distillation Based Seawater Desalination
WANG Hong-tao,LI Bao-an,WANG Li,WANG Ji-xiao,FENG Ya-kai
Polypropylene(PP) hollow fiber membrane was used to make a rectangular hollow fiber membrane module for experimental study of vacuum membrane distillation based seawater desalination.The influences of operating conditions on membrane flux,the decade of membrane flux and membrane fouling were studied in the paper.And the curve characteristics of membrane flux with the operating conditions were explored.High membrane fluxes were obtained,and the maximum one reached 46 kg/(m~2·h).The conductivity of fresh water was not higher than 100 μS/cm which indicated that the process desalination rate was higher than 99.99% during the experiment.
2010 Vol. 27 (2): 183-188 [
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2010 Vol. 27 (2): 189-189 [
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