Application of solvent extraction technology in phosphate ore processing technology

Abstract Solvent extraction technology, as one of the most commonly used methods in the separation and purification of industrial substances, is widely applied to many aspects of phosphate rock processing. This paper briefly describes the application of solvent extraction technology in the process of preparing phosphoric acid from phosphate rock, and focuses on the extraction and purification of wet phosphoric acid and raffinate acid in the process of phosphate rock processing, as well as the extraction of associated fluorine, iodine and rare earth resources from phosphate rock. The recovery processes were compared, and the extraction methods were compared with other purification methods. Finally, the application of solvent extraction technology in the processing of phosphate rock was summarized and suggestions for future research were given.

	Service

	Email this article
	Add to my bookshelf
	Add to citation manager
	Email Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors
	PENG Xianglong
	LIU Songlin
	SUI Yanfeng
	LI Baiyu
	LI Tianxiang
	ZHU Jing

Keywords： solvent extraction technology phosphate rock processing wet process phosphoric acid raffinate acid fluorine, iodine, rare earth recovery

Received 2022-03-10;

About author:

Cite this article:

PENG Xianglong, LIU Songlin, SUI Yanfeng, LI Baiyu, LI Tianxiang, ZHU Jing.Application of solvent extraction technology in phosphate ore processing technology[J] Chemcial Industry and Engineering, 2024,V41(4): 147-159

[1] 吴发富, 王建雄, 刘江涛, 等. 磷矿的分布、特征与开发现状[J]. 中国地质, 2021, 48(1): 82-101 WU Fafu, WANG Jianxiong, LIU Jiangtao, et al. Distribution, geology and development status of phosphate resources[J]. Geology in China, 2021, 48(1): 82-101(in Chinese)
[2] 周波, 徐伟, 朱静. 贵州某硅质胶磷矿双反浮选试验研究[J]. 化工矿物与加工, 2016, 45(8): 6-9 ZHOU Bo, XU Wei, ZHU Jing. Experimental research on double reverse collophanite flotation in Guizhou[J]. Industrial Minerals & Processing, 2016, 45(8): 6-9(in Chinese)
[3] 尹伟, 黄进, 解田, 等. 磷酸高效分解磷矿实验研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2020, 52(9): 34-36 YIN Wei, HUANG Jin, XIE Tian, et al. Experimental study on high efficiency decomposition of phosphate rock by phosphoric acid[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2020, 52(9): 34-36(in Chinese)
[4] 钟本和, 陈亮, 李军, 等. 溶剂萃取法净化湿法磷酸的新进展[J]. 化工进展, 2005, 24(6): 596-602 ZHONG Benhe, CHEN Liang, LI Jun, et al. New progress in purification of wet process phosphoric acid by solvent extraction[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2005, 24(6): 596-602(in Chinese)
[5] 彭宝林, 吴有丽, 项双龙. 磷矿伴生超低品位碘资源回收工业化技术研究[J]. 现代化工, 2017, 37(8): 162-165, 167 PENG Baolin, WU Youli, XIANG Shuanglong. Industrial technology to recover ultra-low grade iodine resource associated in phosphate rock[J]. Modern Chemical Industry, 2017, 37(8): 162-165, 167(in Chinese)
[6] 王睿哲, 朱静, 李天祥. 磷肥副产氟硅酸综合利用研究现状与展望[J]. 无机盐工业, 2018, 50(12): 9-12 WANG Ruizhe, ZHU Jing, LI Tianxiang. Research status and progress of comprehensive utilization of fluosilicic acid from phosphate fertilizer plant[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2018, 50(12): 9-12(in Chinese)
[7] 杨松, 金会心, 王眉龙. 从伴生稀土磷矿中回收稀土的研究进展[J]. 湿法冶金, 2015, 34(2): 92-95 YANG Song, JIN Huixin, WANG Meilong. Advances in extraction of rare earths from phosphorite associated rare earths[J]. Hydrometallurgy of China, 2015, 34(2): 92-95(in Chinese)
[8] 汪家鼎, 陈家镛. 溶剂萃取手册[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2001 WANG Jiading, CHEN Jiayong. Handbook of solvent extraction[M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2001(in Chinese)
[9] 徐光宪. 萃取化学原理[M]. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 1984 XU Guangxian. Principles of extraction chemistry[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers, 1984(in Chinese)
[10] 张文静. 盐酸法湿法磷酸净化工艺研究[D]. 贵阳: 贵州大学, 2019 ZHANG Wenjing. Study on purification process of wet phosphoric acid by hydrochloric acid method[D].Guiyang: Guizhou University, 2019 (in Chinese)
[11] 杨站平, 徐瑞定, 闫小玲, 等. 磷酸三丁酯萃取净化盐酸法湿法磷酸的工艺研究[J]. 磷肥与复肥, 2013, 28(5): 19-21 YANG Zhanping, XU Ruiding, YAN Xiaoling, et al. Study on purification process of WPA with hydrochloric acid by tributyl phosphate[J]. Phosphate & Compound Fertilizer, 2013, 28(5): 19-21(in Chinese)
[12] WINAND L, PERRON D. Purification of wet-process phosphoric acid: US4769226[P]. 1988-09-06
[13] GRADI R, HEYMER G, SCHIMMEL G. Process for purifying wet-processed phosphoric acid: US4596703[P]. 1986-06-24
[14] 冉瑞泉, 金央, 刘辉, 等. 溶剂萃取法净化盐酸法湿法磷酸的研究进展[J]. 无机盐工业, 2021, 53(7): 18-22 RAN Ruiquan, JIN Yang, LIU Hui, et al. Research progress purification of solvent extraction of wet-process phosphoric acid by hydrochloric acid route[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2021, 53(7): 18-22(in Chinese)
[15] ZOU D, JIN Y, LI J, et al. Emulsification solvent extraction of phosphoric acid by tri-n-butyl phosphate using a high-speed shearing machine[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2017, 172: 242-250
[16] MAGDA A A, ABDUL F M Y, ALI M M, et al. Liquid-liquid extraction technique for purification of Egyptian WET process phosphoric acid[J]. Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering, 2010, 54(2): 57
[17] AWWAD N S, EL-NADI Y A, HAMED M M. Successive processes for purification and extraction of phosphoric acid produced by wet process[J]. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 2013, 74: 69-74
[18] 赵远方, 高有飞, 杜招鑫. 转盘塔内甲基异丁基酮萃取湿法磷酸实验研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2021, 53(12): 105-108, 145 ZHAO Yuanfang, GAO Youfei, DU Zhaoxin. Experimental research on purification of wet process phosphoric acid by methyl isobutyl ketone in rotating disc column[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2021, 53(12): 105-108, 145(in Chinese)
[19] 李兵, 冯永刚, 韦莎, 等. 溶剂萃取法净化湿法磷酸的方法: CN108622869B[P]. 2019-12-10 LI Bing, FENG Yuangang, WEI Sha, et al. Method for purifying wet-process phosphoric acid by solvent extraction: CN108622869B[P]. 2019-12-10 (in Chinese)
[20] 李军, 贾旭宏, 姜振胜, 等. 硝酸分解中低品位磷矿制备工业级磷酸的方法: CN102718200A[P]. 2012-10-10 LI Jun, JIA Xuhong, JIANG Zhensheng, et al. Method for preparing industrial-grade phosphoric acid by decomposing mid-low-grade phosphorite with nitric acid: CN102718200A[P]. 2012-10-10 (in Chinese)
[21] 任光耀, 顾春光, 方进, 等. 一种硝酸酸解磷矿冷冻脱钙母液制备硝酸磷肥装置及方法: CN108101586A[P]. 2018-06-01 REN Guangyao, GU Chunguang, FANG Jin, et al. Device and method for preparing nitric phosphate fertilizer from nitric acid acidolysis phosphorite freezing decalcification mother liquor: CN108101586A[P]. 2018-06-01 (in Chinese)
[22] STAMICARBON N V. Procédé pour la récupération d'acide phosphorique en partant de solutions aqueuses contenant de l'acide nitrique et de l'acide phosphorique: FR19640990477 [P]. 1965-09-10
[23] RHONE P. Method of extracting phosphoric acid from solutions obtained by the attack of nitric acid on natural phosphate-bearing rocks: GB5021571[P]. 1974-09-25
[24] HU Z, ZHANG T, LV L, et al. Extraction performance and mechanism of TBP in the separation of Fe³⁺ from wet-processing phosphoric acid[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2021, 272: 118822
[25] 金央, 刘小红, 李军, 等. 溶剂萃取法脱除盐酸法湿法磷酸中铁的研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2017, 49(7): 24-27 JIN Yang, LIU Xiaohong, LI Jun, et al. Removal of Fe³⁺ from hydrochloric acid route phosphoric acid by sovent extraction[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2017, 49(7): 24-27(in Chinese)
[26] AHMED I M, AMMANOEIL R N, SAAD E A, et al. Purification of crude phosphoric acid and leached apatite by solvent extraction with CYANEX 923 in kerosene[J]. Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering, 2018, 63(1): 122-129
[27] 杨林, 王烨, 张志业, 等. 湿法磷酸净化工艺及其金属阳离子萃取液的反萃方法: CN111348639A[P]. 2020-06-30 YANG Lin, WANG Ye, ZHANG Zhiye, et al. Wet-process phosphoric acid purification process and reverse extraction method of metal cation extract liquor thereof: CN111348639A[P]. 2020-06-30 (in Chinese)
[28] 章新. 磷矿酸解液中Al³⁺、Mg²⁺分离研究[D]. 贵阳: 贵州大学, 2018 ZHANG Xin. Study on separation of Al³⁺ and Mg²⁺ from phosphate rock acidolysis solution[D].Guiyang: Guizhou University, 2018 (in Chinese)
[29] YU J, LIU D. Extraction of magnesium from phosphoric acid using dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid[J]. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2010, 88(5/6): 712-717
[30] 杨雄. 萃取法脱除湿法磷酸中金属阳离子的研究[J]. 磷肥与复肥, 2019, 34(6): 31-32 YANG Xiong. Study on removal of metal cation in WPA by extraction method[J]. Phosphate & Compound Fertilizer, 2019, 34(6): 31-32(in Chinese)
[31] REUNA S, VÄISÄNEN A. Purification of recovered phosphoric acid by extracting aluminium with di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid[J]. Chemical Papers, 2022, 76(1): 417-425
[32] WU S, WANG L, ZHAO L, et al. Recovery of rare earth elements from phosphate rock by hydrometallurgical processes-A critical review[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2018, 335: 774-800
[33] 张少杰, 唐盛伟, 王杨, 等. 盐酸法磷酸萃取相的洗涤和磷酸反萃取过程初探[J]. 无机盐工业, 2021, 53(8): 36-43 ZHANG Shaojie, TANG Shengwei, WANG Yang, et al. Preliminary study on scrubbing and stripping operation of the extracted organic phase in wet phosphoric acid process by hydrochloric acid route[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2021, 53(8): 36-43(in Chinese)
[34] 冯孟黎, 张笑盈, 杨利仙, 等. 萃取法净化磷酸精脱硫工艺研究[J]. 云南化工, 2019, 46(8): 107-109 FENG Mengli, ZHANG Xiaoying, YANG Lixian, et al. Study on desulphurization process of purified phosphate by extraction method[J]. Yunnan Chemical Technology, 2019, 46(8): 107-109(in Chinese)
[35] 杨楠, 李军. 胺类萃取剂萃取湿法磷酸中硫酸根的研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2019, 51(3): 41-44 YANG Nan, LI Jun. Extraction of sulfate ion from wet process phosphoric acid by amine extractants[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2019, 51(3): 41-44(in Chinese)
[36] CHEN H, SUN Z, SONG X, et al. Efficient extraction of phosphoric acid with a trialkyl amine-based solvent mixture[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2016, 61(1): 438-443
[37] 申士富, 孙传尧. 一种净化湿法磷酸的混合萃取剂及稀磷酸脱氯技术: CN1657407A[P]. 2005-08-24 SHEN Shifu, SUN Chuanyao. Mixed extractant of purification wet phosphoric acid and dilute phosphoric dechlorine technology: CN1657407A[P]. 2005-08-24 (in Chinese)
[38] 曾钢兴, 丁一刚, 龙秉文, 等. 一种从盐酸法湿法磷酸溶液中萃取氯离子的方法: CN112850675A[P]. 2021-05-28 ZENG Gangxing, DING Yigang, LONG Bingwen, et al. Method for extracting chloride ions from hydrochloric acid process wet-process phosphoric acid solution: CN112850675A[P]. 2021-05-28 (in Chinese)
[39] 周凌翔, 彭涛. 130 kt/a磷酸装置萃取尾气洗涤技术改进[J]. 云南化工, 2013, 40(3): 64-66 ZHOU Lingxiang, PENG Tao. Improved Extraction Cleaning technology for Tail Gas in 30 kt/a Phosphoric Acid Plant[J]. Yunnan Chemical Technology, 2013, 40(3): 64-66(in Chinese)
[40] ROSS W H, JONES R M, DURGIN C B. The purification of phosphoric acid by crystallization[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 1925, 17(10): 1081-1083
[41] 程景才, 张碧玉, 杨超, 等. 一种制备电子级磷酸的熔融结晶器及其方法与电子级磷酸: CN113842663A[P]. 2021-12-28 CHENG Jingcai, ZHANG Biyu, YANG Chao, et al. Melt crystallization device and method for preparing electronic-grade phosphoric acid, and electronic-grade phosphoric acid: CN113842663A[P]. 2021-12-28 (in Chinese)
[42] 纳海莺, 蒋丽红, 陈雪萍. 化学沉淀-溶剂沉淀法脱除湿法磷酸中氟的研究[J]. 云南大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 32(1): 68-72 NA Haiying, JIANG Lihong, CHEN Xueping. Defluorination of wet-process phosphoric acid with chemical precipitation-solvent precipitation[J]. Journal of Yunnan University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2010, 32(1): 68-72(in Chinese)
[43] 吕阳成, 胡国涛, 杨晓健, 等. 一种湿法净化磷酸高效脱砷的装置: CN214299293U[P]. 2021-09-28 LYU Yangcheng, HU Guotao, YANG Xiaojian, et al. Device for efficiently removing arsenic by purifying phosphoric acid through wet process: CN214299293U[P]. 2021-09-28 (in Chinese)
[44] LENG X, ZHONG Y, XU D, et al. Mechanism and kinetics study on removal of Iron from phosphoric acid by cation exchange resin[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2019, 27(5): 1050-1057
[45] 王长胜, 张德勇. 一种磷酸盐废水处理装置: CN212425671U[P]. 2021-01-29 WANG Changsheng, ZHANG Deyong. Phosphate wastewater treatment device: CN212425671U[P]. 2021-01-29 (in Chinese)
[46] 王娜, 武斌, 朱家文. 湿法磷酸结晶净化工艺的研究[C]//上海市化学化工学会2009年度学术年会论文集. 上海, 2009: 136-137, 135
[47] 伏红玉. 300 t/a P₂O₅湿法磷酸净化中试装置生产技术[J]. 磷肥与复肥, 2006, 21(1): 33-36 FU Hongyu. Technology of pilot test on 300 t/a P₂O₅ WPA purification unit[J]. Phosphate & Compound Fertilizer, 2006, 21(1): 33-36(in Chinese)
[48] 张耀滔, 李军, 陈明, 等. 碱法回收湿法磷酸萃余渣中五氧化二磷的研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2021, 53(7): 86-91 ZHANG Yaotao, LI Jun, CHEN Ming, et al. Study on the recovery of phosphorus pentoxide from wet-process phosphoric acid extraction residue by alkaline process[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2021, 53(7): 86-91(in Chinese)
[49] 张波, 王静明, 郑永兴. 萃余酸在磷矿浮选中的应用[J]. 矿产保护与利用, 2021, 41(1): 61-65 ZHANG Bo, WANG Jingming, ZHENG Yongxing. Application of raffinate acid to flotation of phosphate ore[J]. Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources, 2021, 41(1): 61-65(in Chinese)
[50] 范益堃, 丁一刚, 龙秉文, 等. 萃余酸制备工业级磷酸一铵的除镁补氮研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2017, 49(1): 38-41 FAN Yikun, DING Yigang, LONG Bingwen, et al. Research on removal magnesium and supplement nitrongen in preparation process of industrial-grade monoammonium phosphate with raffinate acid[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2017, 49(1): 38-41(in Chinese)
[51] 纪镁铃, 黄春梅, 李燕玲. 一种基于离子交换膜的湿法磷酸萃余酸净化工艺: CN111204725A[P]. 2020-05-29 JI Meiling, HUANG Chunmei, LI Yanling. Wet-process phosphoric acid raffinate acid purification process based on ion exchange membrane: CN111204725A[P]. 2020-05-29 (in Chinese)
[52] 罗建洪, 屈吉艳, 刘端, 等. 一种萃余酸净化的方法: CN111115595B[P]. 2022-11-04 LUO Jianhong, QU Jiyan, LIU Duan, et al. Method for purifying raffinate acid: CN111115595B[P]. 2022-11-04 (in Chinese)
[53] 廖晓婷, 李军, 陈明. 磷酸脲母液制备工业级磷酸二氢铵工艺研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2020, 52(4): 79-83 LIAO Xiaoting, LI Jun, CHEN Ming. Process study on preparation of industrial grade ammonium dihydrogen phosphate from urea phosphate mother liquor[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2020, 52(4): 79-83(in Chinese)
[54] 罗建洪, 舒爱桦. 一种利用萃余酸制备MCP、MDCP的方法: CN111086977B[P]. 2021-07-06 LUO Jianhong, SHU Aihua. Method for preparing MCP and MDCP from raffinate acid: CN111086977B[P]. 2021-07-06 (in Chinese)
[55] 周静, 周骏宏, 柏任流, 等. 溶剂萃取法净化萃余酸制备磷酸二氢钾工艺研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2015, 47(3): 19-22 ZHOU Jing, ZHOU Junhong, BAI Renliu, et al. Preparation of KH₂PO₄ by raffinate acid from solvent extraction purification process[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2015, 47(3): 19-22(in Chinese)
[56] 江涛.自动控制的萃余酸净化和萃取剂回收装置[Z]. 重庆:中化重庆涪陵化工有限公司,2017-01-25 JIANG Tao. Automatically controlled raffinate acid purification and extractant recovery device[Z]. Chongqing: Sinochem Chongqing Fuling Chemical Co., Ltd., 2017-01-25
[57] 李海明,陈来富,夏阳,等. 一种利用低品位萃余酸生产磷铵的方法:CN112624804A[P].2021-04-09 LI Haiming, CHEN Laifu, XIA Yang, et al. A method for producing ammonium phosphate using low-grade raffinate acid: CN112624804A[P].2021-04-09
[58] 黄春梅, 纪镁铃, 李燕玲, 等. 一种湿法磷酸萃余酸净化用离子交换膜组件: CN211800882U[P]. 2020-10-30 HUANG Chunmei, JI Meiling, LI Yanling, et al. Ion exchange membrane assembly for purifying wet-process phosphoric acid raffinate acid: CN211800882U[P]. 2020-10-30 (in Chinese)
[59] 杨跃华, 罗如意. 湿法磷酸中碘的回收利用[J]. 无机盐工业, 2013, 45(1): 8-9 YANG Yuehua, LUO Ruyi. Recycling of iodine from wet-process phosphoric acid[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2013, 45(1): 8-9(in Chinese)
[60] 磷矿伴生碘资源回收新技术[N]. 中国矿业报, 2020-11-20
[61] HE S,CHEN Q, AO X,et al. A method for the removal of trace iodine from wet-process phosphoric acid[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2020,191(C)
[62] 胡伟, 易芸, 曹建兰, 等. 活性炭法吸附硝酸分解磷矿过程中碘的研究[J]. 应用化工, 2021, 50(9): 2391-2395 HU Wei, YI Yun, CAO Jianlan, et al. Study on activated carbon adsorption of iodine in the process of decomposing phosphate ore by nitric acid[J]. Applied Chemical Industry, 2021, 50(9): 2391-2395(in Chinese)
[63] 黄尧, 吴代赦. 碘的提取、回收方法及其研究进展[J]. 现代化工, 2016, 36(1): 37-40 HUANG Yao, WU Daishe. Extraction, recovery of iodine and research progress[J]. Modern Chemical Industry, 2016, 36(1): 37-40(in Chinese)
[64] 刘海霞,贾棉,杨水艳,等.一种副产氟硅酸的处理方法:CN101891204B [P].2012-09-26 LIU Haixia, JIA Mian, YANG Shuiyan, et al. A method for treating by-product fluorosilicic acid: CN101891204B [P]. 2012-09-26(in Chinese)
[65] 黄忠, 李德高, 黄天江, 等. 由溶剂萃取法处理稀氟硅酸制备无水氟化氢联产四氟化硅的方法: CN104445074B[P]. 2016-09-14 HUANG Zhong, LI Degao, HUANG Tianjiang, et al. Method for preparing anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and coproducing silicon tetrafluoride by treating diluted hydrofluosilicic acid through solvent extraction method: CN104445074B[P]. 2016-09-14 (in Chinese)
[66] 李玉叶, 田强, 黄天江, 等. 一种溶剂萃取稀氟硅酸制备氟化盐联产白炭黑的方法: CN105366643A[P]. 2016-03-02 LI Yuye, TIAN Qiang, HUANG Tianjiang, et al. Method for preparing fluoride salt co-production white carbon black by extracting dilute luosilicic acid through solvent: CN105366643A[P]. 2016-03-02 (in Chinese)
[67] AMIN M I, ALI M M, KAMAL H M, et al. Recovery of high grade phosphoric acid from wet process acid by solvent extraction with aliphatic alcohols[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2010, 105(1/2): 115-119
[68] 刘云, 董元华, 孙含元, 等. 去除氟硅酸中杂质磷的萃取剂及其应用方法: CN101734665A[P]. 2010-06-16 LIU Yun, DONG Yuanhua, SUN Hanyuan, et al. Extracting agent for removing impurity phosphorus contained in fluosilicic acid and application method thereof: CN101734665A[P]. 2010-06-16 (in Chinese)
[69] 李望, 王雯博, 段理哲, 等. 伯胺7101萃取分离钒及有机相乳化分析[J]. 矿冶工程, 2021, 41(4): 76-78, 83 LI Wang, WANG Wenbo, DUAN Lizhe, et al. Extraction separation of vanadium with primary amine 7101 and analysis of emulsification of organic phase[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2021, 41(4): 76-78, 83(in Chinese)
[70] 刘云, 董元华, 孙含元, 等. 萃取法去除氟硅酸中杂质磷的装置: CN201648005U[P]. 2010-11-24 LIU Yun, DONG Yuanhua, SUN Hanyuan, et al. Device for removing impurity phosphor in fluosilicic acid by extraction method: CN201648005U[P]. 2010-11-24 (in Chinese)
[71] 王喜恒, 孙文哲. 湿法磷酸过程氟回收技术研究进展[J]. 无机盐工业, 2020, 52(8): 25-29 WANG Xiheng, SUN Wenzhe. Research progress on fluorine recovery technology in wet process phosphoric acid[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2020, 52(8): 25-29(in Chinese)
[72] 黄江生. 真空降膜蒸发浓缩氟硅酸的研究[D]. 贵阳: 贵州大学, 2015 HUANG Jiangsheng. Research on concentrating fluosilicic acid solution by vacuum falling film evaporation[D].Guiyang: Guizhou University, 2015 (in Chinese)
[73] 刘松林, 李子燕, 隋岩峰, 等. 一种氟硅酸清洁浓缩方法: CN109678159A[P]. 2019-04-26 LIU Songlin, LI Ziyan, SUI Yanfeng, et al. Clean concentration method of fluosilicic acid: CN109678159A[P]. 2019-04-26 (in Chinese)
[74] 黄志华, 苏秀珠, 覃文庆, 等. 西南地区典型胶磷矿中稀土元素的赋存特征[J]. 稀有金属, 2021, 45(6): 695-701 HUANG Zhihua, SU Xiuzhu, QIN Wenqing, et al. Occurrence characteristics of rare earth elements in typical collophanite in southwest China[J]. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, 2021, 45(6): 695-701(in Chinese)
[75] 刘虹伶, 金会心, 李涛. 富集稀土磷酸溶液中稀土的萃取研究[J]. 有色金属(冶炼部分), 2019(2): 43-46 LIU Hongling, JIN Huixin, LI Tao. Study on extraction of rare earth from rare earth-enriched phosphoric acid solution[J]. Nonferrous Metals (Extractive Metallurgy), 2019(2): 43-46(in Chinese)
[76] CHEN Q, MA X, ZHANG X, et al. Extraction of rare earth ions from phosphate leach solution using emulsion liquid membrane in concentrated nitric acid medium[J]. Journal of Rare Earths, 2018, 36(11): 1190-1197
[77] CHEN Z, XU J, SANG F, et al. Efficient extraction and stripping of Nd(III), Eu(III) and Er(III) by membrane dispersion micro-extractors[J]. Journal of Rare Earths, 2018, 36(8): 851-856
[78] 罗建洪, 舒爱桦. 一种从湿法磷酸联产高强度阿尔法石膏粉中回收稀土的方法: CN110055434B[P]. 2021-05-07 LUO Jianhong, SHU Aihua. Method for recovering rare earth from high-strength alpha gypsum powder by wet-process phosphoric acid production: CN110055434B[P]. 2021-05-07 (in Chinese)
[79] 张文杰, 童雄, 谢贤, 等. 稀土分离纯化技术研究现状[J]. 中国稀土学报, 2022, 40(1): 24-37 ZHANG Wenjie, TONG Xiong, XIE Xian, et al. A review on research of rare earths separation and purification technology[J]. Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths, 2022, 40(1): 24-37(in Chinese)
[80] 黄国强, 张峰. 轻稀土分离研究进展[J]. 现代化工, 2015, 35(10): 12-15 HUANG Guoqiang, ZHANG Feng. Progress of separation of light rare earth elements[J]. Modern Chemical Industry, 2015, 35(10): 12-15(in Chinese)
[81] 符新科, 刘红召, 王寒飞, 等. 用离子交换树脂法从金堆城钼冶炼废酸中回收铼的工业应用[J]. 矿产保护与利用, 2021, 41(3): 60-65 FU Xinke, LIU Hongzhao, WANG Hanfei, et al. Industrial application of rhenium comprehensive recovery from spraying water by ion exchange resin method in Jinduicheng molybdenum company[J]. Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources, 2021, 41(3): 60-65(in Chinese)
[82] 黄玉春, 丁凡. 一种从稀土废料内回收稀土的装置: CN113151676A[P]. 2021-07-23 HUANG Yuchun, DING Fan. Device for recovering rare earth from rare earth waste: CN113151676A[P]. 2021-07-23 (in Chinese)