化学工业与工程  2020, Vol. 37 Issue (3): 10-16, 49
负载金属氧化物对活性炭脱硫脱硝影响研究进展
彭健 , 姚雯     
昆明理工大学化学工程学院, 昆明 650500
摘要:从化石和生物质燃料获取能源带来的严重问题是酸性气体的排放,这引起了人们对健康和环境问题的关注。在干法脱硫脱硝技术中,从可再生能源得到改性活性炭吸附SO2和NOx气体已被证明是一种高效的方法,并且由于其投资费用低,工艺简单,占地面积小等优点得到广泛关注。介绍了活性炭脱硫机理以及脱硝机理;概述了活性炭表面负载金属氧化物可以显著提高脱硫活性以及脱硝活性的研究进展;总结了活性炭负载不同物种在脱硫脱硝中的应用;讨论了今后活性炭负载金属氧化物脱硫脱硝的发展方向。
关键词烟气脱硫    烟气脱硝    含氧官能团    活性炭    
Process of the Influence on Desulfurization and Denitration with Activated Carbon Supported Metal Oxides
Peng Jian , Yao Wen     
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
Abstract: A serious problem of obtaining energy from fossil and biomass fuels is the release of acidic gases, which raises concern about health and the environment. In dry desulfurization and denitration technology, the adsorption of SO2 and NOx gas by modified activated carbon from renewable energy has been proved to be an efficient method. It has aroused much concern for its low investment and simple process and small space occupying. The article introduces the mechanism of desulfurization and denitration by activated carbon. It was generalized that activated carbon-supported metal oxide significantly improves desulfurization activity and denitration activity. The application of different species supported by activated carbon in desulfurization and denitration was summarized. The development trend of desulfurization and denitration by active carbon supported metal oxides was discussed.
Keywords: flue-gas desulfurization    flue-gas denitration    O-containing groups    activated carbon    

我国是世界上最大的煤炭生产国与消费国,燃煤产生的SO2和NOx造成的污染严重影响了人类的身体健康和居住环境[1]。烟气脱硫是目前世界上控制酸雨和SO2污染的有效和主要的技术手段。现阶段应用最为广泛的脱硫方法有湿式石灰石/石膏法、氨法烟气脱硫、循环流化床烟气脱硫、海水脱硫技术以及电子束照射法脱硫技术。对于氮氧化物的控制,目前使用最广泛的是以V2O5为催化剂,NH3为还原剂将NOx还原成对环境无害的N2和H2O(SCR)。但是SCR技术消耗NH3和催化剂,存在着催化剂费用高及NH3的泄露等缺点。在众多的烟气脱硫脱硝方法中,干法烟气脱硫脱硝技术具有无污水和废酸排出、二次污染少、设备腐蚀程度轻,烟气在净化过程中无明显降温等优点,已经受到了业界的普遍关注[2]。采用吸附的方法脱除烟气中的酸性气体,由于吸附材料表面积大、去除效率高、具备选择性,可再生能力以及设计简单和可操作性好,引起了研究者的普遍兴趣。根据吸附材料的不同又可以分为活性炭吸附法和活性焦吸附法,其脱硫脱硝原理基本相同。

活性碳吸附方法具有比表面积大、内部孔隙结构发达、丰富的表面物种等优点,同时还具有一定的负载和还原性能,因此被广泛地应用于治理SO2和NOx等烟气污染物[3-5]。从废弃材料得到的活性炭经过碳化和化学处理后是一种适合处理烟气的吸附剂。

改性活性炭脱硫脱硝方法是以活性炭为载体,采用洗涤、浸渍活性组分和微波处理等手段对活性炭进行特殊处理,改变或改善活性炭的表面官能团、活性位以提高其脱硫脱硝活性的方法[2, 6],具体的改性方法以及在脱硫脱硝中的作用如表 1所示。

表 1 活性炭的改性方法以及在脱硫脱硝中的作用 Table 1 Modification of activated carbon and its role in desulfurization and denitration
序号 活性炭改性方式 在烟气脱硫脱硝中的作用
1 负载金属离子或金属氧化物 在烟气脱硫中显示出较好的催化活性,选择性和稳定性;促进NO氧化为NO2,从而提高吸附效果。
2 化学浸渍 可以提高脱硫精度。
3 高温热处理 使活性炭表面酸性集团、表面积和孔结构变化,提高脱硫活性。
4 微波改性 可以扩张活性炭的比表面积,通过加热及诱发作用有效提高脱硫脱硝性能。
5 稀土改性 可以同时脱硫脱硝,降低反应温度。
1 活性炭脱硫脱硝机理

活性炭在脱硫过程中既是吸附剂也是SO2氧化过程的催化剂,其反应机理为如图 1所示[6]

图 1 活性炭表面脱硫机理 Fig.1 Defulfurization mechanism of surface on active carbon

总的过程可以用反应方程式表示为:

$ 2{\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_2} + {{\rm{O}}_2} + 2{{\rm{H}}_2}{\rm{O}} \to 2{{\rm{H}}_2}{\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_4} $ (1)

具体的反应过程为:

$ {\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_2} + {\rm{C}} \to {\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_2} - {\rm{C}} $ (2)
$ {{\rm{O}}_2} + {\rm{C}} \to {\rm{C}} - {\rm{O}} $ (3)
$ {{\rm{H}}_2}{\rm{O}} + {\rm{C}} \to {\rm{C}} - {{\rm{H}}_2}{\rm{O}} $ (4)
$ {\rm{C}} - {\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_2} + {\rm{C}} - {\rm{O}} \to {\rm{C}} - {\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_3} $ (5)
$ {\rm{C}} - {\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_3} + {\rm{C}} - {{\rm{H}}_2}{\rm{O}} \to {\rm{C}} - {{\rm{H}}_2}{\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_4} $ (6)
$ {\rm{C}} - {{\rm{H}}_2}{\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_4} + n{\rm{C}} - {{\rm{H}}_2}{\rm{O}} \to {\rm{C}} - \left( {{{\rm{H}}_2}{\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_4} \cdot n{{\rm{H}}_2}{\rm{O}}} \right) $ (7)

C为活性炭表面的活性位,-表示吸附作用。

这些硫酸沉积于活性炭中,然后蒸发回收硫酸,使活性位空出使得吸附过程循环进行。如日本三井矿业公司开发的Mitsui-BF工艺以活性炭脱除锅炉烟气、工业窑炉烟气以及化学工厂释放烟气中的SOx,并取得了巨大的成功[7]

活性炭脱硝也是一个化学吸附和物理吸附同时存在的过程,当烟气中有SO2时,吸附过程中在活性位上的反应机理为[8]

$ {\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_2} + * \to {\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_2} * $ (8)
$ 2{\rm{NO + }}{{\rm{O}}_2} + * \to 2{\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}_2} * $ (9)
$ {{\rm{O}}_2} + * \to {{\rm{O}}_2} * $ (10)
$ {\rm{NO + }}{{\rm{O}}_2} * + {\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_2} * \to \left[ {\left( {{\rm{N}}{{\rm{O}}_2}} \right)\left( {{\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_3}} \right)} \right] * + * $ (11)

*表示活性位点上吸附的分子,总的反应方程式为:

$ {\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_2} + 3{\rm{NO}} + 2{{\rm{O}}_2} + 2{{\rm{H}}_2}{\rm{O}} \to {{\rm{H}}_2}{\rm{S}}{{\rm{O}}_4} + 2{\rm{HN}}{{\rm{O}}_3} + {\rm{NO}} $ (12)
2 活性炭表面官能团对脱硫脱硝的影响

炭材料的表面物种如:酚羟基、羧基、羰基和内酯基等官能团,是其潜在的活性中心,对炭的脱硫性能影响显著。Karatepe等对活性炭吸附SO2的研究发现:吸附过程主要发生在活性炭的次微孔内,而活性炭表面的酚类和内酯类含氧官能团能够显著影响活性炭对SO2的吸附量[9]。对HNO3氧化的活性炭模拟烟气脱硫实验表明,氧化后的活性炭脱硫性能明显提高,活性炭表面C=O和C—O—官能团与活性炭脱硫性能关系密切[10]。经过HNO3改性后的活性焦脱硫脱硝效果提高显著[11]。Sousa以三聚氰胺作为氮源,向活性炭表面引入含氮官能团,发现修饰后活性炭催化活性显著提高,作者认为活性的提高与引入的含氮官能团具有孤对电子,更容易活化氧分子[12]。国内山西煤化所的程尚增等采用尿素修饰活性炭,制备了表面具有含氮活性物种的活性炭,发现吡啶氮有利于SO2的吸收[13]。北京大学的Yan等对活性半焦烟气脱硫的研究也发现,氧分子在活性半焦表面通过解离吸附产生的含氧中间产物是促进SO2氧化成SO3和H2SO4的关键[14]。但是,由于炭基材料表面物种受其制备方法、制备条件、原材料等因素的影响,其催化活性往往不高。

实际上,金属氧化物催化剂表面的含氮活性物种(如:氨基、酰胺基、吡啶、吡咯和季氮等官能团)也会影响催化剂的活性。大量研究表明含氮表面物种能够直接提高炭材料的催化活性[15],如含氮中孔活性炭具有更高活性和选择性,可以在低温条件下实现了H2S的氧化过程[16]。这主要是由于炭材料中的氮能够提高材料的电子传导能力和功函数[17]。而量子化学的研究结果证实,吡啶氮和季氮官能团能够提高材料活化分子氧的能力[18]。此外,当铁组分和氮同时掺杂到炭表面,铁可以和特定的含氮物种形成Fe-Nx结构。其中,铁和2个吡啶氮成键形成Fe—N2[19],铁和4个吡咯氮形成Fe—N4[20],如图 2所示。

图 2 Fe和吡啶N、吡咯N的成键示意图[19-20] Fig.2 Schematic diagram of Fe bonding with pyridine N and pyrrole N[19-20]
3 活性炭负载金属氧化物对脱除SO2的影响

在炭表面负载金属氧化物是提高脱硫活性的重要方法[2]表 2给出了金属氧化物改性活性炭吸附SO2的相关研究的列表。对活性炭分别负载Fe、Co、Ni、V、Mn、Cu和Ce的脱硫活性评价表明,金属组分均能不同程度地提高活性炭的催化活性,其中负载V、Fe和Cu的催化剂表现出了优异的脱硫性能[21]。对Ni/活性炭催化剂的研究也发现,Ni能大幅度提高脱硫活性,并且随着Ni含量的增加,脱硫活性逐渐提高[22],对催化剂表面Ni的化学态分析表明,Ni/活性炭催化剂的活性中心主要是Ni和NiO[6],其中NiO的催化活性最高[23]

表 2 金属氧化物改性活性炭吸附SO2的相关研究 Table 2 Summary of related studies on SO2 adsorption on surface modified activated carbon
碳源 吸附条件 金属氧化物
种类
浸渍方法 φ(SO2)/
(×106)
饱和
时间/min
穿透
时间/min
参考
文献
棕榈仁壳 气体入口流速0.15 L/min, 150 ℃,
1.013×105 Pa,1.0 g AC
Ce 湿法浸渍
Ce(NO3)3·6H2O
1 000~2 500 455~245 [24]
稻壳灰 气体入口流速0.15 L/min, 150 ℃,
1.013×105 Pa,0.7 g AC
Ca+ Ce 湿法浸渍
Ce(NO3)3·6H2O和干法CaO
2 000 64 52 [25]
煤炭(河南) 90 ℃,环境大气压,固定量的活性炭 Ni 湿法浸渍Ni(NO3)3·6H2O 2 300 466.2 [26]
商业活性炭 80 ℃,环境大气压,固定量的活性炭 Mn 湿法浸渍
Mn(NO3)2
2 800 185 [27]
污泥 进气流速0.1 L/min, 环境压力,1.0 g AC Ni 湿法浸渍
Ni(NO3)2
1 200 71 30 [28]
胡桃壳 90 ℃,环境大气压,固定量的活性炭 TiO2+Fe2O3,Ti 干法浸渍
干法浸渍
2 0002 000 1 321.81 429.8 [29]
商业活性炭 进气流速1.2 L/min, 80 ℃,1.013×105 Pa, 16.0 g AC Fe(Ⅱ) 湿法浸渍
Fe(NO3)2·9H2O
2 700 545 [30]
椰子壳 进气流速0.4 L/min, 50 ℃, 1.013×105 Pa Cu 湿法浸渍
Cu(NO3)2·3H2O
2 000 42 [31]
活性焦 120 ℃, 环境压力,1.0 g AC Ce, B和Na 湿法浸渍
Ce, Ba(NO3)2和Na2CO3
1 000 100 82 [32]
椰子壳 进气流速1.2 L/min, 150 ℃, 1.013×105 Pa, 0.01 g AC V, Mn, Cu 湿法浸渍
V(OH)5, Mn(OH)2和Cu(OH)2
200 [33]
烟煤 80 ℃,环境压力,16.0 g AC Mn 干法浸渍 2 000 35 [34]
莱赛尔纤维 进气流速1.5 L/min, 环境温度和压力, 0.1 g AC Cu 湿法浸渍
Cu(NO3) 2·3H2O
40 35.91 15.98 [35]

金属组分的掺杂提高了炭的脱硫性能,但其活性仍受表面含氧物种的影响。这主要体现在2方面:1)表面含氧物种能够改善金属组分在炭表面的分散情况;2)通过特定的表面含氧物种活化氧分子,促进SO2的氧化。Rau发现HNO3、H2SO4处理的活性炭引入的含氧官能团可以分散表面的金属活性组分,提高催化剂的脱硫效率[36]。郭家秀等的研究证实了上述结论[37],同时发现Mn/活性炭表面的C=O和C—O官能团可以转移O的孤对电子,活化吸附在催化剂表面的氧分子形成O2-,促进SO2氧化成SO3[38],而脱硫产生的硫酸盐也可以被炭还原,实现催化剂的再生[39]。此外,Fan采用共混合法制备的CO2O3、Ni2O3、CuO和V2O5催化剂用于脱除SO2的试验也发现,催化剂脱硫性能同时受金属组分和活性炭表面碱性官能团的影响[40]。对硝酸氧化后的活性炭负载Fe的脱硫活性研究发现,活性炭表面的C=O有助于提高催化活性,催化剂的活性中心是Fe3O4[41],Fe/活性炭的XPS谱图和XRD谱图证实,活性炭表面O=C—OH的含量以及Fe3O4的结晶度和催化剂脱硫活性关系密切[42]。Arcibar-Orozco对活性炭负载纳米Fe吸附SO2的机理研究提示,活性炭表面的醌类和色烯类官能团等带负电的碱性官能团与SO2的氧化过程密切相关[3]。由此可见,炭表面的碱性含氧物种有助于提高金属氧化物脱除SO2的性能。

4 活性炭负载金属氧化物对脱除氮氧化物的影响

对于金属氧化物和NOx脱除的关系,也有金属氧化物可以增强活性中心的类似的观点[43]表 3列出了迄今为止改性活性炭同时吸附SO2和NOx的研究。从表 2表 3中的文献可知,通过在活性炭表面引入官能团或者催化剂来增加活性炭的活性位,提高了活性炭与SO2、NOx之间的作用力进而提高了吸附速率和催化转化活性。相对于比表面积,活性炭种类,活性炭的表面化学性质对其脱硫性能的影响更大。

表 3 金属氧化物改性活性炭同时吸附SO2和NOx Table 3 Summary of simultaneous DeSOx and DeNOx on modified activated carbon
炭源 气体组成 改性方法 SO2穿透
时间/min
NOx穿透
时间/min
SO2饱和容量/
(mg·g-1)
NOx饱和容量/
(mg·g-1)
参考
文献
煤基炭 1 450×10-6 SO2, 400×10-6 NO, 450×10-6 NH3, φ(H2O)=2.5, φ(O2)=3.9 NH4VO3 150 0 46 [49]
商业活性炭 600×10-6 SO2, 650×10-6 NO, 200×10-6 CO, 11%CO2, 9.5%O2 Na2CO3+KOH 732 600 52 31 [50]
1 500×10-6 SO2, 500×10-6 NO, 500×10-6 NH3, 2%H2O vapour, 5%O2 V2O5 77 0 [51]
1 500×10-6 SO2, 500×10-6 NO, 500×10-6 NH3, 3.5%H2O, 3.4%O2 V2O5 200 10 119.8 [52]
棕榈壳 1 000×10-6 SO2, 500×10-6 NO, 10%O2 Ni(NO3)3·6H2O 150 170 [53]
棕榈壳 1 000×10-6 SO2, 100×10-6 NO, 10%O2 Ce(NO3)3·6H2O 455 405 89.33 0.93 [54]
谷壳灰 2 000×10-6 SO2, 500×10-6 NO, 10%O2 Ce(NO3)3·6H2O+CaO 52 110 46.33 [25]
污水污泥 2 000×10-6 SO2, 500×10-6 NO, 10%O2, 3.5%H2O 壳聚糖 200 45 29.5 3.0 [54]
活性焦 1 000×10-6 SO2, 600×10-6 NOx, 15%O2, 3.5%H2O Ce(NO3)3+Ba(NO3)2+Na2CO3 84 13 [32]

周亚端等研究发现金属氧化物组合改性活性焦的脱硝性能明显高于单一氧化物改性活性焦[44]。在150 ℃反应温度下,CuO和Fe2O3组合改性活性焦效果最好。陈立杰等通过对改性活性焦的制备以及吸附性能的研究发现,金属氧化物的加入在一定程度上可以提高活性焦的脱硫脱氮性能及再生性能[45]。常连成等采用浸渍法制备改性活性焦脱除烟气中的NOx,发现5%的FeSO4改性制得的活性焦效果最好[46]。李远涛等采用浸渍法改性活性炭,分析了单组分Cu和双组分Cu-Ni金属氧化物对活性炭改性后同时脱硫脱硝性能的影响。结果表面,单独CuO改性活性炭可以提高120 ℃下活性炭同时脱硫脱硝性能,且6%CuO/AC效果最好[47]。Pasel等对活性炭负载过渡金属氧化物(Fe、Cu和Cr)和催化剂上NH3的选择催化还原NO的性能作了研究,发现Fe2O3/AC在140~340 ℃的范围内脱硝率达100%[48]

5 结语

对电厂以及酸性气体的主要排放者来说,烟气脱硫和脱硝的必要性促使人们寻求更为有效、经济的技术。作为传统的脱硫脱硝的替代技术,采用经过表面改性的活性炭吸附脱硫脱硝方法已经越来越引起研究者的广泛关注。对于活性炭吸附脱硫脱硝,今后的研究方向可以重点的围绕以下方面。

1) 加强对改性活性炭脱硫脱硝机理研究,建立反应过程中的动力学模型,探讨金属氧化物改性活性炭吸附烟气中的SO2和NOx的控制机理。

2) 活性炭负载金属氧化物催化剂可以有效脱除烟气中的SO2与NOx,炭表面负载金属氧化物催化剂能够提高脱硫脱硝活性。但是炭表面的含氧物种、含氮物种对金属氧化物的脱硫活性与脱硝活性仍不明确。活性炭表面含氧活性物种、含氮活性物种对活性炭脱除SO2与NOx的性能影响可以在以后的研究中进一步探索和解决。

3) 活性炭的寿命一直是这一技术可持续应用的瓶颈,如何提高催化剂的耐热、机械和催化性能以及使用寿命也是以后的研究当中需要解决的问题。

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